Byronic Hero In Dostoevskys Crime And Punishment

Within literature, a Byronic hero is characterized by his/her cunning, arrogant, violent, and often intellectually unstable behavior. First developed in the 19th century by English Romantic poet, Lord Byron, a Byronic hero deviates from the traditional Romantic hero archetype (Byronic). Although both archetypes â€Å"rebel against traditional modes of behavior†, Byronic heroes have greater psychological burdens. This results in morbid sensibilities. Dostoevsky s Crime and Punishment explores a variety of characters’ psyche and creates an anamnesis of their respective traits. Developed by Dostoevsky, Arkady Svidrigailov possesses an imbalance of Freud’s psychoanalytic triad of id, ego and superego, which result in deterioration of his mental†¦show more content†¦Upon discovering the fact that Dounia and Pulcheria would soon move to St. Petersburg, Svidrigailov also sets off for the city, seeing that his wife has just unexpectedly died; this action is seen as a means in which to satisfy instant delight. Despite prior circumstances, Dounia complies to follow Svidrigailov to his room where he proceeds to coerce her. Regardless of Dounia’s adamant refusal â€Å"he had never seen her so handsome. The fire glowing in her eyes at the moment she raised the revolver seemed to kindle him and there was a pang of anguish in his heart. He took a step forward and a shot rang out. The bullet grazed his hair and flew into the wall behind him. He stood still and laughed softly† (491). This scene is the epitome of Svidrigailov’s maniacal obsessions and unveils the nature of his intentions. Megalomania directly correlates with obsession, but the primary target is power and domination over others. Every aspect of Svidrigailov’s life revolves around himself and his altered ego. The assimilatory delusions that exist contribute to an intensification of Svidrigailov s actions and result in neurotic behavior. Multiple occasions within the story showcase Svidrigailov and his acts of kindness to those in need. Following the death of Marmeladov in part 6, chapter 5, he gives money to Sonia so that her siblings can be sent to a suitable

Purpose of a Project Scope/Baseline Free Essays

Defining project scope is the process of developing a detailed description of the project and product. The processes used to manage project scope, as well as the supporting tools and techniques, vary by application area and are usually defined as part of the project life cycle. The approved detailed project scope statement and its associated WBS and WBS dictionary are the scope baseline for the project. We will write a custom essay sample on Purpose of a Project Scope/Baseline or any similar topic only for you Order Now This baseline is then monitored, verified, and controlled throughout the lifecycle of the project. The purpose of project scope is to provide the project organization and the project manager with a road map of both the work to be completed, as well as the types of final deliverables sought. In some cases the scope document and the SOW are practically identical. For example, while the scope document may describe the end product or service to be produced and delivered by the project, it should not be treated as a document for technical specifications. Changes happen as a result of several reasons: As the result of initial planning errors- Because many projects involve significant technology risks and uncertainty, it is often impossible to accurately account for all potential problems or technological roadblocks. As a result, many projects require midcourse changes to specifications when they encounter unsolvable problems or unexpected difficulties. As a result of additional knowledge of project conditions- The project team or client may enter into a project, only to discover that specific project features or the development environment itself require midcourse changes to scope. Uncontrollable mandates- In some circumstances, events occur outside the control of the project manager or team that must be factored into the project as it moves forward. Client requests- As a project`s clients learn more about the project, they often ask for significant alternations to address new needs. Also, reasons for changing the project may be: poor communication; pressure/time constraints preventing effective definitive design; contracts signed when scope in not frozen; changes from initial design; poor initial planning; lack of project management tools and others. In simple terms, configuration management is the best understood as the Systematic Management and Control of Project Change. The specific tasks of the configuration management discipline are as follows: * Configuration identification – This process identifies all items uniquely within the configuration, which establishes a successful method for requesting a change and ensures that no change takes place without authority. In addition, every configuration item should be physically labeled so that the label identifies that physical item as the one recorded in the configuration register. In the case of large projects that involve numerous configuration items, it is important to establish a baseline configuration to provide some structure and avoid confusion. * Configuration control – This is a system through which changes may be made to configuration items. As change request begin to appear, the configuration control system ensures that no change is made without assessment of its impact, either by the people potentially affected by the change, or without approval by an appropriate authority. * Configuration status accounting- This process, which records and reports the current status and history of all changes to the configuration system, provides a complete record of what happened to the configuration system to date. * Configuration audit – These audits are performed to ensure conformity between the items in the configuration and their specifications. Audits ensure not only a match between what is delivered and what was required, but also consistency throughout all project documents. To avoid the cost and delays associated with uncontrolled changes, many organizations have set up formal procedures to control them- and have further extended those procedures â€Å"upstream† to anticipate changes well before occur. Establishing a configuration control system provides such a framework for anticipating what may not be obvious. How to cite Purpose of a Project Scope/Baseline, Papers

Discussion on Training Plan-Free Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Training Plan. Answer: About training plan Training is one of the crucial activities that is utmost necessary for preparing oneself for the intense competition in different sports and recreational activities[1]. This can be applicable for candidates who wish to participate in active sports, become elite athletes or enter competitions. Each phrase of the training module has been formulated as per the utmost necessity to develop oneself for the intense competition and sports activity[2]. This training plan includes a six-week development and practice plan that has been formulated using proper fitness strategies, regimes and training methods to develop any individual as an elite athlete. The training module has been developed for individuals (both amateurs and professional) who are willing to actively take up cycling as their field of specialization. This training regime also includes the dietary plan for the athletes in order to meet their physical developments and objectives. Necessity of training Millions of people own bicycles and almost everyone knows the application and its utility. Surprisingly only a few ones know the utility of such and the benefits that bicycles has to offer. The main utility of such are several physical and health benefits. It not only helps burn the excess calories but also helps in stabilizing the hearts functionalities as well as keeping diabetes at bay, with several other health benefits, thus keeping one fit and healthy. In case of fitness fanatics, cycling is probably one of the best and easiest ways of working out. It is considerably one of the effortless ways to keep the body and soul free from all the external and internal negative influences. Although some prefer cycling as one of the fitness and recreational activities, some consider cycling to a serious profession. Cycling is considered as one of the well-known and enduring sports that needs the equal attention and coordination of body and mind as well as the perfect balance between power, endurance, skills, flexibility and fitness. These co ordinations help the individuals to develop themselves, by focusing on the skills and tactical execution[3]. This customized training module is specially tailored with consideration to a specific athlete who is one of the known and notable figures to take up cycling as a serious profession. Simon Gerrans is a two time Australian National Road Champion and at present rides for a professional team of cyclist, known as the Orica Scott. Simon has won three difficult stages of the famous Tour De France and he relies on high levels of cardiovascular and muscular endurance to accomplish his objectives[4]. The complete training module has been divided based on the six weeks training with the regime that needs to be followed in regularly as well as a complimentary diet regime that needs to be followed daily for the entire duration of these six weeks intense training session to compensate for the rigorous training that the athlete would go through. This training module has been based on the principles of FITT (Frequency, Intensity, Time and Type). Health Benefits Variables Frequency Intensity Time Type Cardiovascular and Endurance 3 times/week on alternative days Moderate to high intensity 20 -40 minuntes All the activities that involves the working out of the large muscles of the body. Activities like running, cycling, swimming and leg excercises would be helpful Muscular Strength and Endurance Alternate days thrice a week High intesity (execersise or sets to the maximam capacity) 1 to 3 sets workouts of 10 to 12 repetitions Free weight training Indoor gym Body weight training (Mostly leg workouts like weight squats, calf excercises) Use of exercise machines and free weights Muscular Enhancement Alternate days 4 times/week Low to moderate resistance with gradual increase in the capacity 3 sets of workout with 10 to 20 repetitions Free weight Body weight training Use of exercise machines and weights Flexibility Daily Slow and controlled movement of all the crucial joints 3-4 sets of workout for 20 to 30 seconds Static Dynamic Freehand execrises Body Composition 5 to 7 times/week Mixting and combination of different intensities Dependent on intensity Aerobic Anaerobic Resistance Freehand workout Anaerobic work (Speed Power) Alternate days 2-3 times a week Maximum capacity 2 to 3 minutes of time per exercise Short Sprinting High Jumping MMA(Mixed Martial Arts) and Boxing Daily Active regime Everyday Variable intensities 1-2 hours everyday Jogging Stairsclimbing Housework Bowling Cycling Freehand excercises Days (Applicable for all 6 weeks) Intensity Duration Exercise Monday Moderate to high depending on the regime 3-4 hours(in average) based on the regime Cardiovascular, Muscular enhancement, flexibility, body composition, daily active regime Tuesday Moderate to high depending on the regime 3-4 hours(in average) based on the regime Muscular strength, Flexibility, body composition, anaroebic work, daily active regime Wednesday Moderate to high depending on the regime 3-4 hours(in average) based on the regime Cardiovascular, Muscular enhancement, Flexibility,body composition, daily active regime Thursday Moderate to high depending on the regime 3-4 hours(in average) based on the regime Muscular strength, Flexibility,body composition, anaroebic work, daily active regime Friday Moderate to high depending on the regime 3-4 hours(in average) based on the regime Cardiovascular, Muscular enhancement, Flexibility, body composition, daily active regime Saturday Moderate to high depending on the regime 3-4 hours(in average) based on the regime Muscular strength, Flexibility, anaroebic work, daily active regime Sunday Moderate to high depending on the regime 1-2 hours(in average) based on the regime Muscular enhancement, Flexibility, daily active regime Necessity of dietary reinforcements A healthy diet is one of the significant part of the daily regime. This substitutes to replenish the energy that is broke down during the intense workout session. A healthy and wholesome meal would ensure the perfect growth and enhancement of the body to help it amply its capacity and capability to outperform in the times of need or when the situation demands the best from the body. A complimentary dietary regime has been formulated completely based on the type of workout plan that is supposed to be followed by the athlete, for the entire six weeks on a daily/weekly basis. Days (Applicable for six weeks) Breakfast (7 a.m) Morning Snacks (9.30 a.m) Lunch (12.00 p.m) Pre-workout (2.30 p.m) Post-workout (6.00 p.m) Dinner (8.00 p.m) Monday Oats with fruits(Apple) smoothie Chicken salad Fresh veggies with hummus Bacon and eggs(fried) Slow cooked ham with roasted broccoli Tuesday Bacon and eggs(fried) Yoghurt with honey and berries Chicken nuggets with apple sauce Chocolate cookies and almond milk Chicken salad Chicken soup Wednesday Pancakes and fruits Banana with almond butter Turkey burger with avocado and carrots Banana with almond butter Scrambled egg whites with avocado or orange Garlic roasted chicken legs with asparagus Thursday Scrambled egg whites with avocado or orange Ants on a log Italian/Caesar salad Veggie chips with guacamole Chicken salad Slow cooked Korean ribs with vegetable soup Friday Oats with berries smoothie Chicken salad Brownies with almond milk Italian/Caesar salad Paleo pizza Saturday Fresh waffles with strawberries Cottage cheese with apple sauce Caesar salad Veggie chips with guacamole Fresh veggies with hummus Garlic roasted chicken legs with asparagus Sunday Scrambled egg whites with avocado or orange Ants on a log Fajita salad Vegetable chips with jalapeno Greek yoghurt dip Chicken nuggets with apple sauce Slow cooked ham with roasted broccoli References Dr. R. Annadurai, Dr. R. Annadurai and R. Subbiah R. Subbiah, "Effect Of Weight Track Training, Plyometric Training And Combination Of Weight Track Plyometric Training And Martial Arts Training On Selected Physical Fitness Variables Of Inter-Collegiate Men Basketball Players" (2012) 2(8)International Journal of Scientific Research Hajizadeh Maleki, Behzad and Bakhtyar Tartibian, "Long-Term Low-To-Intensive Cycling Training" [2014]Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine Xavier James, A. Dominic and Dr. R.Muthueleckuvan Dr. R.Muthueleckuvan, "Effect Of Varied Resistance Circuit Weight Training On Cardiovascular Fitness" (2011) 4(5)Indian Journal of Applied Research Chang, Wei-Gang, "Effect Of Cycling Training With Foot External Rotation On Neuromuscular Function Of Vastus Medialis Oblique And Vastus Lateralis" (2013) 15(2)Sports Exercise Researc Dr. R. Annadurai Dr. R. Annadurai and R. Subbiah R. Subbiah, "Effect Of Weight Track Training, Plyometric Training And Combination Of Weight Track Plyometric Training And Martial Arts Training On Selected Physical Fitness Variables Of Inter-Collegiate Men Basketball Players" (2012) 2(8)International Journal of Scientific Research. Behzad Hajizadeh Maleki and Bakhtyar Tartibian, "Long-Term Low-To-Intensive Cycling Training" [2014]Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. A. Dominic Xavier James and Dr. R.Muthueleckuvan Dr. R.Muthueleckuvan, "Effect Of Varied Resistance Circuit Weight Training On Cardiovascular Fitness" (2011) 4(5)Indian Journal of Applied Research. Wei-Gang Chang, "Effect Of Cycling Training With Foot External Rotation On Neuromuscular Function Of Vastus Medialis Oblique And Vastus Lateralis" (2013) Sports Exercise Research.

King free essay sample

Answers: a Mrs. Whittaker talking about Charlie and Betty; b Wilma Patterson talking about Mrs. Whittaker and Nat; c Nat talking about Tom Whitaker; d Nat talking about Tom Whittaker to Charlie; e Jackie and Nat talking about Annie; f Tom writing to Annie about Jackie; g Nat talking to Jackie about Charlie and Betty; h Betty, Charlie and Jackie talking about Nat. 7. Tell students that Nat Marble is the private investigator dealing with the Whittaker case. Ask them what they know about private investigators. What do they do? How do they behave? Ask if they have read any novels (e. G. By Raymond Chandler) r Seen any films or TV series (e. . Philip Marrow, Mike Hammer). Put them in pairs to make lists of the characteristics of these private investigators and anything else they know about them. 8. Ask students to read the quotations about Nat Marble in Extracts 3 and decide (a) how close what he says and does is to their own ideas of a private investigator, and (b) what sort of person he seems to be. We will write a custom essay sample on King or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Answers: (a) open (b) poor (I. E. He has no air conditioning, uses public transportation), untidy, lives alone, eats badly, usually dresses badly, doesnt use taxis, has contacts for information, he Ares about people / has a social conscience.Based on what they have learned about Nat Marbles character and actions in the story, ask students to write a feature on him for the Daily News. 5. Ask them which people they think might be connected to the places described. Cambridge English Readers O Cambridge University Press 2009 www. Cambridge. Org/let/readers PHOTOCOPIED bevel 4 Summary of Chapters 1-?4 Characters High Life, Low Life starts when Nat Marble, a private investigator, saves a homeless woman called Annie Clayton, when she has a heart attack in the street.He as known Annie for some time and when he visits her in hospital she says she wants him to find her son Jackie whom she hasnt seen for twenty years, and to bring her a lawyer so that she can write her will. Nat Marble: New York private investigator The story of Nat helping Annie appears in the paper, along with his photograph, and after that he receives a letter from Mrs. Joanna Whittaker the rich widow of Tom Whittaker, an airplane magnate. She has decided to make her will out in Gnats favor because he looks like her dead husband, and she is estranged from her own children, Charlie and Betty. Wilma Patterson: a lawyer Extracts 1 d Mrs. Joanna Whittaker: a rich widow Charlie Whittaker: Mrs.. Whittaker son Betty Osborne: Mrs. Whittaker daughter Jackie Robinson Clayton: Annie Claytons son Tom Whittaker: Mrs. Whittaker dead aircraft magnate husband Ernest Washman: criminal, pretending he owns a taxi business Extracts 2 W?eve lived on the streets, Leona said. l can tell you, its safer underground. Everyone knows each other here. If a stranger comes, we know about it. The subway workers know us. They leave us alone. Leona started moving piles of black plastic bags.Underneath was an old metal box with a lock. Looked around the room which was full of beautiful asses furniture. Nothing had been changed for years and felt like I was in an old Hollywood movie. The guy behind the desk looked as if he hadnt slept, washed or shaved for days. He smelled even worse than me. He lit a cigarette then coughed for a full fifteen seconds. Finally he was able to speak. The Chelsea Arms hotel had seen better days. Now it just looked like any other cheap hotel. The floor was dirty white Stone in the lobby. A guy was working on the computer, behind the window at the reception desk.There was another big guy sitting at a table opposite the reception desk. He was obviously there in case of any trouble. Inside the elevator, it was all dark wood, thick carpets and mirrors. If this was just the elevator, imagine what the apartments were like. Annie Clayton: a homeless woman Do you have any family? asked Stella. A son and a daughter. They dont live in the city. Id like to see more of them. Especially the grandchildren, but She wants it all [her money] to go to you. She read about you in the papers. Says you remind her of her late husband Says she couldnt think of a utter person to leave everything to. De went on to tell me that [the man] worked hard and played hard. Even after he was married he played around with other women. It wasnt a happy marriage . l hope appearance is the only thing I share with your father So moms been on the street all this time? he asked. Ever since she last saw you in a cell, I said. I can never be a real father to the child. Heres some money to help with food and clothes. And something for the future. Keep these stock certificates. One day they might be worth a lot of money. And thats not all Youve got family.A halfhearted and half-sister upstate. They live h Finally, wed all like to say a special thank you to the man whose hard work made this all possible. Without him, we might never have met. Extracts 3 b After leaving the NYPD, I became a private investigator. Although dont make that much money, Im my own boss and I dont have to take orders from anybody. I prefer it that way. Most offices in the building had their own air conditioning. Mine didnt, so it was hot and uncomfortable. New York private investigators dont normally use public transportation. But Im different. GFor once, I looked smart. Had put on a clean shirt and my good jacket, which was just back from the cleaners. Left and took the number seven train home to Queens. Couldnt eat much Of the takeout meal got from the diner down the block. Wandered over to McFadden Bar on Second Avenue. The usual crowd of Daily News reporters was there I needed information and knew just the guy who could help -? De Winchester. Felt both sad and angry as I put down the phone. Sad for the people who had to live out their lives on the streets. Angry about the society that put them on the streets.

Lear King Lear and Loving Daughter Essay

Lear King Lear and Loving Daughter Essay Lear: King Lear and Loving Daughter Essay Shakespeare has developed a tragedy that allows us to see man's decent into chaos, King Lear. Lear is perceived as "a man more sinned against than sinning". The play begins with Lear, an old king ready for retirement, preparing to divide the kingdom among his three daughters. Lear has his daughters compete for their inheritance by judging who can proclaim their love for him in the grandest possible fashion. Cordelia finds that she is unable to show her love with mere words and for this King Lear banishes her. This is very quick tempered and I believe he performs this act out of embaressment. Lear is blind to the fact that Cordellia is his most loving daughter. At the beginning of the play, we see Lear as a proud, vain, quick-tempered old king, not necessarily evil, but certainly not good. His ignorance leads to the dismissal of his one truly loving daughter Cordelia and the revelation that Regan and Goneril's profession of love for him were simply empty words. Turned away by both Regan and Goneril, King in the storm screams "I am a man more sinned against than sinning." During the storm Lear still believes he is the victim but he als o admits partially that he has some guilt. After the storm, when Lear's madness has run its course, him and Cordelia are taken prisoners by Albany's army. We see the full effect of Lear's transformation when we see his Joy at being re-united with his loving daughter and he is not embaressed by the circumstances which they are re-united as

Samples of Expository Essay Topics

Samples of Expository Essay Topics The expository essay is the genre of essay that requires the student to investigate an idea, evaluate evidence, expound on the idea, and make a statement concerning that idea in a clear and concise manner. Generally,  expository essays  do not require a great deal of outside research, but they do require that a student has background knowledge of a topic. The expository essay generally begins with a hook to get the readers attention: A question or inquiry statement to draw the reader in,A quote related to the topic,An amazing fact that is unique or special,A statistic or fact related to the topic (a number, percent, ratio),An anecdote that illustrates the topic.   The thesis of the expository essay  should be based  on factual information that will be presented in the body of the  essay. The thesis should be clear and concise; it generally comes at the end of the introductory paragraph.   The expository essay may use different text structures to organize the evidence. It may use: A sequence that follows a timeline or order to give readers a chronological of events or a list of steps in a procedure,A comparison and contrast  to show the  similarities and differences between two or more people or things,A description to give the reader a mental picture,An example or illustration,  An example of cause and effect or the relationship between an event or concept and the events or concept that follows. An expository essay may integrate more than one text structure. For example, one body paragraph may use the text structure of description of evidence and the following paragraph may use the text structure of comparing the evidence. The conclusion of the expository essay is more than a restating of the thesis. The conclusion should elaborate or amplify the thesis and give the reader something to ponder. The conclusion responds to the readers question, So what? Student selected topics: Expository essay topics may be selected by a student as inquiry. The expository essay may ask for an opinion. Several of the following prompts are examples of inquiries that could be posed by a student: Popular films that feature superheroes cover a wide range of interests and themes, including history, human relationships, or social issues.One object from the twenty-first century to place in a time capsule (student choice or results of a poll) in order to help others understand our contemporary culture.Video games have changed  dramatically since the 1980s for several reasons.Friendship plays an important role in personal development.Investment in education results in both personal and societal rewards.Loyalty is an important part of family  culture.The Internet is the most important invention of all time.  If I had  the chance to talk to a famous person dead or alive, I would choose (student choice) n order to talk about (topic relevant to student choice).The news media shapes our society by influencing how people feel and act.Adversity  is what helps us overcome our weaknesses.Creativity  and originality are at the base of success.Objects around the home can define us .Do you agree or disagree with the saying, â€Å"a little knowledge is a dangerous thing? Living in small towns can be very different from living in big cities.Participation in  after-school extracurricular activities is often more memorable than sitting in class.My favorite book from childhood is (student choice)   because (quality of book related to student choice).How is public education an important right?We can tell a lie with silence as well as with words.  Is it better for a leader to be loved or to be feared?Describe your favorite place to reflect and think.  Is learning a foreign language necessary in our global world?What is your plan in the event of a disaster?What is a serious public health concern that does not get enough funding?Are movie and/or TV rating  systems effective or useful?Is it a good use of funds to build a space station on the moon or Mars?   Standardized test topics: Many standardized tests require students to write expository essays. There is a procedure for answering these types of prompts which is usually included in the question. The following topics are expository prompts that are used in the Florida Writes Assessment.  The steps are provided for each. Music essay topic Many people listen to music on as they travel, work and play.Think about the ways music affects you.Now explain how music affects your life. Geography essay topic Many families move from one place to another.Think about the effects moving has upon teenagers.Now explain the effects moving from place to place has on teenagers. Health essay topic For some people, TV and junk foods seem as addictive as drugs and alcohol because they may feel at loss without them.Think about the things you and your friends do almost every day that could be considered addictive.Now describe some of the things all teenagers seem to need on a daily basis. Leadership essay topic Every country has heroes and heroines. They may be political, religious or military leaders, but they serve as moral leaders by whose examples we can follow in our quest to live lives of excellence.Think about someone you know who shows moral leadership.Now explain why this person should be regarded a moral leader. Languages essay topic When studying a foreign language, students often become aware of differences in the ways people in various countries think about values, manners, and relationships.Think about some of the differences in ways people in (town or country) think and behave differently than here in   (town or country).Now describe some of the differences in the ways people think and behave in (town or country)compared to the ways they think and behave in  (town or country). Math essay topic A friend has asked your advice about which math course would be most helpful in everyday life.Think about the times you have actually used mathematics you have learned in school in your daily life and decide which course had the most practical value.Now explain to your friend how a particular math course will be of practical assistance to him. Science essay topic Your friend in Arizona just emailed you asking if he can visit you in South Florida to try out his new surfboard. You dont want to hurt his feelings when you tell him that South Florida does not have big waves, so you decide to explain the reason.Think about what you have learned about wave action.Now explain why South Florida does not have high waves. Social studies essay topic People communicate with a variety of signals such as facial expressions, voice inflection, body postures in addition to the words. Sometimes the messages being sent seem contradictory.Think about a time when someone seemed to be sending a contradictory message.Now explain how people can send conflicting messages.

Motivating Employees Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Motivating Employees - Assignment Example For employees whose drives and needs are focused on satisfying lower order needs (physiological, social and security needs), extrinsic factors (money or compensation) could be the most effective motivators. However, for employees who crave for satisfying higher-order needs (self-actualization and fulfillment), intrinsic factors must be the most effective motivators of performance. The motivational theories that were evidently applied included Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, as well as Herzberg’s two factor model (Martires & Fule, 2004). By accurately identifying the level of needs, as well as the motivational (or hygiene) factors, employers are assisted in designing motivational programs that would keep employees productive, satisfied and motivated. Based on one’s personal and professional experiences and from the readings, one would recommend that employers need to accurately assess the needs and drives of employees to enable them to design motivational or incentive programs that match these needs. As disclosed, intrinsic and extrinsic factors (or hygiene and motivational factors) need to be incorporated in the job to make the tasks inherently interesting, challenging, satisfying, and rewarding. Ryan, R., & Deci, E. (2000). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions. Retrieved December 28, 2014, from Contemporary Educational Psychology:

The Process of Electrochemical Machining Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 12

The Process of Electrochemical Machining - Essay Example Since most of the metals in the pure state without undergoing any treatment might not serve the intended roles mostly emerging with the current technological know-how. Utilizing Faraday’s laws of electrolysis, machining is normally by way of controlled removal of metal through dissolution an electrolytic cell’s anode (Singal, Mridul & Rishi, 2008). Hence, initiating a current if the electrolyte in which the poles are immersed (in aqueous like NaCl) can adequately allow movement of atoms in such a way it ensures conduction process. The core principle that characterizes this process encompasses rapid as well as the selective dissolution of the workpiece intended to be machined, which acts as an anode and the released components attach themselves on the cathode normally linked to a D.C (Setchi, Howlett, Naim, & Seinz, 2014). Therefore, this study seeks to avail sufficient and precise information regarding ECM process coupled with how current technological know-how has embr aced it in varied applications. The process entails immersion of both the workpiece and anode in the electrolytic aqueous, which in this case it might be NaCl or NaNO3 (Setchi, Howlett, Naim, & Seinz, 2014). The creation of potential between the electrodes takes place with the intention of initiating D.C that will facilitate anode dissolution. It is also through the use of D.C that facilitates a flow of electrons from the piece intended to be worked on goes to the cathode, hence initiating the gas release. In the industrial settings as depicted in Figs 2 and 3, it entails immersing or placing the workpiece in an electrolyte and linking to a high current power source through the +ve terminal (Singal, Mridul & Rishi, 2008). Then the cathode tool to the –ve side and shaped in such a way to fit effectively in the anode’s cavity without making any contact. Even flow of the electrolyte with an approximate 5m/s velocity amid the electrodes is by the aid of a recirculation pump. This is to intensify both mass and charge movement especially through the created sublayer adjacent to the anode piece (Abdel-Gawad, 2013).

Les Miserables Essay Example for Free

Les Miserables Essay In Websters Dictionary the word Justice is defined by the words fairness and rightfulness. Around the world, the figure of Justice is portrayed as blind from all information but objective facts. In the novel Les Miserables written by Victor Hugo, the figure of Justice is meant to be completely blind, but it does not stay totally blind. Jean ValJean, the main character of the novel had been a prisoner for 19 years. When he was released from prison he was given a yellow ticket that identified him as a criminal. This made ValJean unable to live a normal life again. Today, due to the media and the abundance of information that is available for everyone on the internet these days, this system of Justice is not always executed properly. These two instances of the yellow ticket in Les Miserables and the media today resulted in no blind Justice for those who are affected. The system of Justice is supposed to be considered blind. This means that when a trial comes to court, no one knows any outside information on the trial before it begins. This includes all of the Jury and the Judge. The goal of blind Justice is to present a fair trial and eliminate bias. Part of the Jury selection process is to make sure that no one has any prior knowledge on the trial that they are being selected. When there is a trial that is totally blind, the trial is more likely to go smoothly because all of the facts would Just have been known from information presented in the court. There is no outside information that someone considers important which could cause chaos and confusion. Unfortunately in some cases it is difficult to keep a case blind. In todays society there are certain cases that are very tough to keep blind. These cases usually contain popular celebrities that the media is attached to. Whenever a celebrity gets in lots of trouble with the law, it is all over television, newspapers and the internet. The world knows everything that happened in the incident and what will happen to the celebrity. This results in the trial not being blind at all. A recent example ofa trial not being blind is the case of the former Buffalo Bills running back 0. 1. Simpson. Simpson tried to retain some of his old emorabilia from some old friends, but did it very aggressively with a weapon and was charged with numerous accounts of armed robbery and kidnapping. Before this, Simpson was well known for his success on the football field but also his prior trial for murdering his wife. Simpson was found not guilty in this popular trial but many people believe he was guilty. This recent trial was followed very intently by the media. Reporters were everywhere Simpson went and every development in the trial was in the news almost instantly. Before the trial started the Judge and Jury had lready known all about Simpson and his successes and mishaps. As a result the trial was very biased against Simpson. Simpson was found guilty and sentenced to at least 9 years in prison and a maximum of 33 years. This anti-blind Justice pretty much goes for any celebrity that gets in trouble with the law. In Les Miserables Justice is not completely blind for Jean Val]ean. The Justice is not completely blind because Jean ValJean is not a criminal but he was a result of a slightly corrupt Justice system during that time period in France. The Justice system as not intended to be blind. Jean ValJeans open Justice was not in court, it was present a yellow passport, showing that he is an ex-convict. This causes people to instantly look down on ValJean and treat him worse than a normal person. Since he is an ex-convict, anytime he does something he is quick to be arrested, because of his past. When he stays with the Bishop of Digne and steals some silverware he is quickly arrested. Luckily the Bishop was very gracious and let Jean ValJean go by teaching him some lessons. ValJean does continue to face adversity because of his ast. He is later wanted back in prison because he is thought to be disguising himself, to hide his ex-convict identity. Blind Justice was clearly not evident in the life of Jean ValJean. Clearly, Justice is sometimes completely blind, but it is very difficult to keep ones case completely blind. In the cases of 0. 1. Simpson and Jean ValJean blind Justice was not present and they both suffered from it. The Justice system suffers directly from the world around it and as time goes on it becomes ever harder to keep information private.

John Donne’s Holy Sonnets Analysis Essay -- essays research papers

John Donne’s Holly Sonnet, as found in any English sonnet, there is a rhyme scheme and a standard meter. Although the rhyme differs a little from the usual Petrarchan sonnet it is still categorized as one, consisting of ABBA ABBA CDDC AE. Throughout existence, there have been many theories regarding exactly what role Death plays in the lives of humans. Some think Death is the ultimate controller of all living things, while others believe it is nothing more than the act of dying, once your time has come. Donne, on the other hand, has his own philosophy. The entire Sonnet, Donne speaks directly to Death. He starts off by saying â€Å"Death be not proud† meaning that even if other people think Death is dreadful and mighty, death isn’t frightening to him. He shows that he is not afraid by death...

Macroeconomics and Government Essay

1. Give an example of a government policy that acts as an automatic stabilizer. Explain why this policy has this effect. According to our text, automatic stabilizers are changes in fiscal policy that stimulate aggregate demand when the economy goes into recession without policymakers having to take any deliberate action. Automatic stabilizers come in the form of our tax system and government spending. As an individual’s income increases, they get put in a higher tax bracket. When the economy goes into a recession, the amount of taxes the government receives falls. The amount of taxes that the government receives is tied into economic activity so as earnings and incomes fall in a recession, the government’s revenue falls as well. In a recession, more and more people become eligible for benefits such as unemployment benefits, welfare benefits, and other forms of income supplements for the poor. The increase in government spending stimulates the aggregate demand at the same time that the aggregate demand is insufficient causing the economy to be more stable. Automatic stabilizers act in a quicker fashion than if the government were to create laws in order to stabilize the economy. This would mean that they would have to recognize when a recession is occurring, create, and then enact the law to stabilize the economy. But by the time the effects of the law can be recognized, the recession could have been gone and over with. 2. How would a downward change in the money supply affect you personally? How would it affect your career? What impact would rational expectations have on your decisions in this situation? 3. What is the theory of liquidity preference? How does it help explain the downward slope of the aggregate-demand curve? The theory of liquidity preference states that the economy’s interest rate adjusts to balance supply and demand. The first piece of the theory of liquidity preference is the supply of money. The Federal Reserve is who controls the money supply. They buy government bonds which are deposited into banks turning the money into funds for the bank reserves. They sell government bonds which make the bank reserves fall. These changes lead to changes in the banks’ ability to make loans and create money. The Federal Reserve can also alter the money supply by changing the amount of reserve required for each bank to hold or the interest rate at which banks can borrow from the Fed. The second piece of the theory of liquidity preference is money demand.

John Case

John M. Case Company I. Statement of the Problem The John M. Case Company was established in 1920 by Uriah Case and was the largest manufacturer of business calendars in the United States. The company was then handed off to John M. Case, and continued to prosper. John M. Case controlled a large amount of the market share in this industry along with an increasing number for sales. Then, John M. Case decided it was time to retire and sell the company. Anthony W. Johnson, an employer of John M. Case Company, was interested in this purchase.After coming up with $500,000 within the management group, Johnson still faced a dilemma of raising $10 million without giving up control to outside investors. With this, Johnson needed to come up with a strategic financial plan in order to successfully obtain such a company. II. Statement of Facts and Assumptions With a large amount of the market share in favor of John M. Case Company, the business risk was relatively low for this industry. John M. C ase owned 60-65% of the market share causing the risk to be substantially lower than other industries. Manufacturing for this company had many advantages.As Case Company had a subsidiary in Puerto Rico, it allowed them to be tax exempt from U. S taxes. With these tax exemptions, it provided low income tax rates for Case Company. Case Company also did not have problems in regards to their customers. With 95% of their customers being loyal to their company by re-purchasing orders annually. Company finances were also a positive for John M. Case. The company did not need to part take in seasonal buying in approximately 10 years, but strategically kept $2 million lines of credit. By looking at the different components to John M.Case Company, the outlook for future endeavors seems to be profitable. III. Analysis By looking at the different components to John M. Case Company, the outlook for future endeavors seems to be profitable. Johnson’s decision to purchase this company would b e a smart move financially. As the company has seen prosperous growth throughout its years, its part in the market seems to show low risk and high levels of profit. IV. Recommendation As the issue continues in coming up with the additional $10 million, Johnson should look into more resources to obtain the additional funding.The financial state of this company is in top shape looking at the current ratio and inventory turnover in Exhibit 1 below. As the current ratio is well above 1, it secures the idea that John M. Case Company is able to pay back its short-term liabilities and assets. Having a confident number for their current ratio assures the company can handle financial issues that may come their way. With their loyal customers, low-cost manufacturing and large market share, the profits of John M. Case Company are endless. Exhibit 1 Current Ratio in 1984$8, 998/$1,266 = 7. 107 Inventory Turnover$9,740/$588 = 16. 565

Human Factors And The Weekend Pilot Essays - Aviation Law

Human Factors And The Weekend Pilot Essays - Aviation Law Human Factors And The Weekend Pilot If any area of aviation could benefit from realistic and workable human factors solutions, its the area of general aviation (GA) and the weekend pilot. Many of the aircraft flow by the weekend pilot are older and do not have the benefits of modern flight deck design. However, the demands on these pilots, as far as maintaining radio contact with air traffic control and operating their aircraft in crowded airspace has increased. Air traffic control is generally speaking, less tolerant of the weekend pilot, yet this type of GA pilot is expected to perform as expeditiously as the pilot who flies for a living. Human factors research and design needs to be applied to the weekend pilots operating environment with the same vigor as it is applied to the rest of the aviation system. Some positive changes have been made. Visual charts or maps, which the weekend pilot uses to help navigate in visual flight conditions, have become user friendly. High traffic areas are color-coded for easy identification (and avoidance). Visual flight corridors, where weekend pilots can navigate through high traffic areas and around busy commercial airports, are also clearly marked for ease of use. This type of map design has clear human factors design inputs. Graphics (color and print) are quickly recognizable by the pilot to minimize the time the pilot spends on information processing. Less cognitive

Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Finance - Essay Example The government also gives a further indication for implementation of the recommendations. Hence, detailed explanation has been done in this paper to explain the rationale behind two of the recommendations of Vickers report. Retail Ring-Fencing One of the most controversial recommendations of the Vickers Commission is that the banks’ retail operations should be ring-fenced. Banks will be required to establish a separate legal entity within their corporate structure to provide retail and commercial banking services all over the country. The reason behind this to protect retail banking operations from risk-oriented financial activities and to ensure the continuous provision of retail banking services by ring-fenced banks, with reduced bail-out costs for taxpayers. The government agreed with Vickers Commission that banks should have relative freedom in respect of their investment. Banks will be permitted to continue copyrighted trading. The logic is that investment of UK banks sho uld operate without an implicit government guarantee and be allowed to fail in an orderly manner in case they enter into financial crisis. It is also predicted that the banks in UK will face challenges in implementing ring-fencing requirements, given their current corporate structures. ... The large exposure limits that are recommended in the report are designed to reduce the exposure a ring-fenced bank will have to other entities within its group. However, allowing secured exposure up to 45% of capital may prove unproductive in light of the write-downs of sovereign and asset-backed debts in the financial drawbacks (Kevin, 2007). Raise bank capital requirements The Vickers Commission has separately made various recommendations intended to raise the capital requirements of the banks in United Kingdom. It is also an attempt to increase the ability of banks to absorb losses or any other financial crisis. The ratio of equity to RWAs proposed by the Vickers Report for ring-fenced banks (of 10%) is higher than that proposed in Basel. The requirement for banks to have loss absorbing capacity of 17% is essentially more burdensome than under Basel III (Patrick, 2011). Therefore important banks will be required to hold capital at 11.5-13% of RWAs (Michael & Bernard, 2007). The g overnment of UK agreed that 17% is the appropriate number for large institutions, subject to further consultation. Moreover, accommodative tax regime will be required subjected to capital instruments subordinated debt for banks so that they could use these instruments to meet their enhanced capital ratios. HMRC is currently looking at ways to ensure these instruments work effectively and therefore reduce tax on interest payments. An important concession has been made by the government to UK-based multinational banks. The Vickers Report had proposed that such banks were required to have primary loss absorbing capital equal to 17% across all their operations. However, the government has stated that as long

Marketing Manager Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Manager - Assignment Example Typically, marketing managers oversee all marketing, advertising and promotional staff and activities. They formulate appropriate marketing strategies to meet objectives, evaluate market research, and implement marketing plans (Halvorsen 2006). The job of a marketing manager requires both professional qualifications and individual skills. Professional qualifications usually include academic qualification, strong understanding of management and marketing, industry and product/service experience, and a network of contacts (Microsoft 2008, HSN 2008). Individual skills usually required include excellent communication skills, interpersonal skills, leadership skills, project and people management skills (HSN 2008, Catholic Answers 2008, Infinity Ward 2008). A review of most want advertisements for marketing management shows three main skill requirements: excellent communication skills, interpersonal skills and leadership skills in terms of people and project management. Excellent Communication Skills The job of a marketing manager requires excellent communication skills because the function involves interaction with customers, subordinates, professional peers, higher-level managers, suppliers, other business partners, and other individuals involved in the marketing process. Since communication is a two-way process, effective communication involves conveying messages to others clearly and unambiguously, as well as receiving and understanding information sent by others. In a survey conducted by the University of Pittsburgh, communication skills were cited as the single most important decision factor in the hiring of managers. Excellent communication skills denote high levels of proficiency in both verbal and written communication. For the marketing manager, these skills are applied in various interaction with the different audiences in the marketing process, in listening; delivering presentations; facilitating meetings and discussions; giving and receiving feedback; making value p ropositions; dealing with criticisms, customer complaints or other objections; communication during crisis situations; and cross-cultural communications (Mind Tools 2008). Interpersonal Skills Another highly-required skill for a marketing manager is interpersonal skills. Interpersonal skills include the habits, attitudes, manners, appearance, and behaviors that one uses around other people which affect how one gets along with other people (Hill 1999). According to the American Management Association (2008), success depends upon the

Analysis of the Origin of the marriage rituals, traditions, practices Research Paper

Analysis of the Origin of the marriage rituals, traditions, practices of Jewish weddings in Orthodox communities - Research Paper Example Marriage is a social institution in which two individuals are united in holy matrimony. The institution of marriage, as we see it today, has grown over many centuries. Traditionally viewed as the union of a man and a woman, this concept has become more complex today owing to the increased sophistication and civilisation of modern societies. Thoroughly immersed in customs, traditions, religion and civil regulations, many of the conventional rites have perished over time to yield place for new ones. The rituals, traditions and practices of marriage differ greatly across diverse cultures, religions, countries, ethnic communities and social strata. Majority of the traditional marriage ceremonies comprise an exchange of nuptial vows by the couple, offering of gifts and a public announcement of the marriage by an authority figure. Some other commonly incorporated elements in a wedding ceremony are traditional music, recital of poetry, chanting of prayers or readings from religious texts. A ll of these marriage customs have their roots firmly embedded in the beliefs and customs of the society in which they are conceived. In Judaism, marriage is regarded as the ultimate state of mankind and a man without a wife or a woman without a husband are regarded as incomplete. As Isaac Klein quotes from Leviticus 34a in his book "A man who does not marry is not a complete person." (Klein, 1979, p. 381) It is also believed that "Any man who has no wife lives without joy, without blessing, and without goodness." (Garland, 2003, p.276) In Jewish literature, the term that denotes marriage is â€Å"kiddushin†, which in English means "sanctification".

Propaganda, P.R., and the News Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Propaganda, P.R., and the News - Essay Example It will also explain the propaganda techniques used by the U.S government in post war 1 and discuss why some techniques were too arrogant towards government’s action. The First World War popularized the word propaganda and provided it with a negative implication; since all the key nations participated in the war used new approaches of modern propaganda to organize their populations for the conflict. In the US, the effort was chaired by President Woodrow Wilson in the development of the CPI (Committee on Public Information) as a key propaganda ministry. The major theme of the Committee on Public Information was to improve the United States involvement into the war with the aim of establishing a world which is secure for democracy. This notion was particularly established by the leading scholar of the period, Walter Lippmann, who was 25 years old by then. Lippmann was interested majorly with the upholding of the nation’s capitalist system in the face of increased resistan ce, ideological opposition, and unrest, feeling that the field of science would require being employed to democracy, where social scientist and social engineers would give the current with a background upon which a latest stability might be achieved. Because of this, Lippmann proposed the need for information and intelligence control in what he referred the development of consent. The major intellectual of the period then became mainly concerned with the matter of propaganda during time of peace, having experienced its success during war. According to Lippmann, propaganda has desirable and legitimate role to play in the democratic system. He further noted that public was a confused herd of meddlesome and ignorant outsiders, who must be maintained as interested spectators of activities, and separated from the actors and the powerful themselves. Edward Bernays, the founder of public relations got his beginning with Wilson’s Committee on Public Information during the First World War, asserted that the intelligent and conscious manipulation of the organized opinions and habits of the masses is a crucial element in the democratic society. According to him, those who control this unseen approach of society form an imperceptible government that is the true proper ruling power of the nation. Bernays pointed out that modern society was conquered by few number of individual who understand the social patterns and mental processes of the masses. This was consistent with the Lippmann assertion of a sequential result of the manner in which the current democratic society s arranged. Hence Barneys borrowed from Lippmann the concept of engineering of consent. According to Lippmann, influencing nations thinking with propaganda is not an easy task; it takes a higher ability concerning how public opinion works and how such opinions can be made to unite beliefs. Therefore, the political leaders should use the propanda techniques to achieve their political desires the same w ay American did. During the First World War, the CPI (Communication on Public Opinion) attained this through making planned emotional appeals, demonizing Germany by connecting the warfare to the aims of different social groups and through lying outright. The CPI propaganda naturally appeals to the heart but not mind. Emotional protest is a preferred technique of propagandist, since every emotion

The efficient market hypothesis and behavioral finance

The efficient market hypothesis and behavioral finance The efficient market hypothesis is directly related to the behaviour of prices in asset markets. Initially the term efficient market applied only to the stock market, but later it was generalised to other asset markets. The efficient market hypothesis is seen as the turning point of the modern finance (Fama, 1965) and in his classic paper, Fama (1970) defined efficient market as one in which security always fully reflect the available information [p.383]. Market efficiency is known as the speed and accuracy where the current market prices reflect the investor expectations. When the market is efficient, all the available information is fully and automatically reflected in the price, gaining profit by using this information is seen impossible. Efficient market hypothesis predicts that market price should incorporate all available information at any point in time. According to Pesaran, Hashem M (2010) The efficient market hypothesis (EMH) evolved in the 1960s from the random walk theory of asset prices advanced by Samuelson (1965). Samuelson showed that in an informationally efficient market hypothesis, price changes must be unforecastable. Kendall (1953), Cowles (1960), Osborne (1959), Osborne (1962), and many others had already provided statistical evidence on the random nature of equity price changes. Samuel-sons contribution was, however, instrumental in providing academic respectability for the hypothesis, despite the fact that the random walk model had been around for many years; having been originally discovered by Louis Bachelier, a French statistician, back in 1900. One important implication is that security prices will change only when there is arrival of new information that was not considered during the formation of current market prices. Yet the information will be evaluate and process this information efficiently and immediately incorporate into the security prices. The crucial questions here is the relevant information because it needs careful analysis and the conclusion about market efficiency could be there or extracted from the information set. A standard classification for different compositions or information set was outlined by Fama (1970) as weak form, semi-strong form and strong form. On the other hand, new empirical studies of security prices have reversed some of the earlier findings related to EMH. The traditional finance school named these observation anomalies due to the unexplainable in the neoclassical framework. Due to the increasing numbers of puzzles, the new approach of behavioural finance emerged. This approach focus on the investors behaviour in making decision in investment. This approach assumes that agents may be unreasonable during interpreting new information and thus lead to making wrong judgement in investment. This paper will discuss the definition and concept of efficient market hypothesis and behavior finance in general. I will be look into market issues for countries of Malaysia, USA, Africa and Jordan. I would then like to highlight the issues on this area for future research. Efficient Market Hypothesis Definition and Concept The Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) is an investment theory that stated it is impossible to compete with the market when stock market efficiency causes existing share prices to always incorporate and reflect all relevant information. According to the EMH, stocks are always trade at their fair value on stock exchanges. Investors will face difficulties or even impossible in either purchase undervalued stocks or sell stocks for inflated prices. The possible way for investors to obtain higher returns is by purchasing riskier investment and they have to outperform the overall market through expert stock selection or market timing. Forms of Efficient Market Hypothesis There are three forms of Efficient Market Hypothesis where the key to all the three forms remain that is intense competition among investors to gain profit from any new information. There are three versions of EMH, namely the Weak From EMH, Semi Strong EMH and Strong EMH. The weak form EMH is based on past history of prices where the past information is used to analyze for profit return. This method is called technical analysis. The value retrieved from technical analysis is strong and consistent. On the other hand in semi strong form, the current stock price has fully taken into consideration all publicly information that is available. However, the information in the semi strong form is available to all the investors; one is expected not to gain much profit with such information. But this form is stronger than the weak form. Whereas strong form of EMH is taking the current price fully incorporates all existing inside information, both public and private. When the information set us limited to past price and return, the market is said to be weak-from efficient and there is correlation between current return on security and the return over a previous period. However the return is purely unpredictable from the past information. In semi strong Efficient Market Hypothesis, all publicly available information is reflected in the stock market. Investment Managers claim that mutual fund managers are skilled in analyzing publicly available information but empirical evidence do not support. Market Efficiency and security prices reflect all available information whereas new information is expected to be converted into price changes. Efficient Capital Market participants will react immediately and in an unbiased manner. Important of Efficient Market Hypothesis There are common misconceptions of Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). EMH claims that investors cannot outperform the market but there are analysts who have succeed in outperformed. So EMH is seen to be incorrect. EMH claims that one should not be expected to outperform the market predictably or consistently. EMH said that financial analysis is pointless and investors are wasting time if doing research in security price. But everyone knows that financial analyst is still needed in the market. Again EMH is found to be incorrect. EMH sees new information as always fully reflected in market places and yet prices fluctuated every day, every hour and minutes. EMH must be incorrect. EMH presumes that all investors are technically expert but in reality it is otherwise. EMH is incorrect again. Criticism towards Efficient Market Hypothesis There are several opinions against the EMH. First is the over reaction and under reaction of investors. EMH claims that the investor react quickly and in an unbiased manner to new information but it was contradicted to De Bont and Thaler. EMH claims that investors react very fast and in an unbiased manner when they received information but De Bond and Thaler said otherwise. They said that stock with long term past return tend to have a higher future returns and vice versa and empirical observation shows that stock prices respond to earning about a year after the announcement. Secondly, the value versus growth where value strategy is able to outperform the market consistently. Finally is the small firm effects where average return on small stocks were too large to be justified by the CAPM while the average returns on large stocks were too low. There are also implications of Market Efficient for Investors where the EM, investors have little to gain from active management strategies; should follow passive investment strategy and no attempts to beat the market but to optimize returns through diversification and asset allocation. Behavioral Finance Definition and Concept The behavioural finance is an area in finance that highlighted on the investors behaviour and how they make their decision in understanding the pricing of assets and also explain the decisions of investors as rational actors. The rational actors are seeking for their self-interest, given the sometimes inefficient nature of the market. EMH revolves around the preferences and behaviour. Psychologist and also experiment economics found out that there is a departure from the normal paradigm of the investors in making their investments. Behaviour finance emerged since 1980 where it incorporates more behaviour science into finance decision making. Due to the excess volatility, dividend puzzle, equity premium and future returns in the capital market is seen as consistent in an efficient market but the truth is inconsistency do happen. According to behaviour finance good year performance may not lead to another good year but it could be otherwise. Issues in Behavioral Finance Behavioral finance has emerged due to the problems faced in the traditional theory in explaining why some financial phenomena happened. It is said that agents may be irrational in with their own reactions to new information and investment decisions. To undo mispricing created by the irrational investors may be difficult. Due to that, market is seen to inefficient. Psychological sees these in many views. People make mistakes when they perceive information and form their belief. Extensive evidence shows that individuals are overconfident in their judgement (Odean (1998), Barber ODean (2001)). When investors are overconfident, they tend to invest more and intensively. Due to greed, overconfident and also overreact to new information, investors would tend to make heavy losses. What make it difficult it when investors stick to their own conclusion interpreting the information. Once people have formed an opinion, they often stick to it and inadequately update their beliefs in the lieu of new information (Edwards (1968)). Human emotions and moods are also said to influence investors behavior. When investors are in the good mood they are willing to take higher risks compared to when they are in bad mood. In fact market returns are found to be higher on days of good weather than on days with heavy clouds and rain. Social influence and interaction with other investors are also coherent to th e behavior. Investors tend to follow others in making their investment, they tend to follow each other like in a herd. Herding leads more on the situation when an investor focuses more on other investors participation rather than evaluating the information of the particular security. Behavior finance changes the way how we look at capital markets. It is a new approach that has direct impact not only to investors but also others such as corporate finance, market regulators and policy makers. In behavior finance, the investors should not consistently expect to beat the market even at times when they succeed in getting abnormal returns from their investment. According to behavior finance, market is not always efficient. Good return may due to the available information. However, it is advised to actually spend some of the return and study the cause of mispricing that have cause the market to fluctuates. It is said that achieving higher returns is not only due to good analysis strategies but a better self control. Primary contribution of behavior finance is its potential help in beating the market. Summary of Researches This section will discuss the research finding from Malaysia ( KP Lim., Liew KS., and Wong HT, 2003), Africa (C Mlambo and N Biekpe, 2007) United States America (Jae H. Kim 2009) and Jordan (Mahdi M. Hadi, 2006) The first research which was done by Lim et. al, 2003 was the weak form EMH that generally holds in KLSE Malaysia and the existence of the linear and the non-linear dependencies. These dependencies appear at very random intervals for a short of time but then disappear again even before investors have the chance to exploit it. As we know efficient market hypothesis is a fair game where the prices changes in the security is reflected by any new information which was not taken into consideration earlier during the forming of current market price. The paper by Lim et al, 2003 focused on the weak form EMH where the historical price is the only determinant of the security prices. The price movement in a weak form occur randomly and successive price changes are independent of one another, i.e. random walk theory. Past price analysis has no meaning since the patterns observed in the past occurred purely by chance. The weak form Efficient Market Hypothesis has been studied since many years in KLSE. Malaysian stock market is inefficient in the weak form when weekly data were used but efficiency exist when monthly data were used. Test done by Von Nehmanns suggested that information that is based on historical prices is fully reflected in current price within a week but may not be fully impounded in current price within a day which conclude that Second Board of KLSE is weak form efficient with respect to weekly data. But when weekly data were used the efficiency of the Malaysian stock market has improved from a weak form inefficient market in mid 1980s to weak form efficient by late 80s and early 90s. Empirical evidence from various statistical test found out that the low trading volumes in most stocks and the possible price manipulations by those investors who own majority of the stocks might help to explain the findings of the runs test. The reason for departure from random walk is due to the presence of non-linear dependencies in the underlying data generating process which is now widely accepted as a salient feature of financial returns in general and stock returns series in particular. Non linearity has strong implication on the weak form EMH for it implies the potential of predictability in financial returns. Lim et. al (2003b.d) and Lim and Tan (2003) provided convincing evidence that non-linearity has a high effect in the underlying dynamics of the Malaysian stock market. Ko and Lee (1991:224) If the Random Walk Theory hypothesis holds, the weak form of efficient market but not vice versa. Thus evidence supporting the random walk model is the evidence of market efficiency. But violation of the random walk model need not be evidence of market inefficiency in the weak form. Kok and Lee (1994) and Kok and Goh (1995) argued that though daily price series are found to be serially correlated, the magnitude of their c orrelations is not large enough for any mechanical trading rules to be devised for profitable investment timing. In connection to the existence of linear/non-linear dependency structures to the concept of information arrival and market reactions to that information will prove to enlightening. It is said that if the market is efficient and the new information is useful then it shall be reflected quickly and unbiasedly into market prices. There is a rationalization the correlation between the weak-form EMH and behavioural finance in KLSE. The statistical properties of random walk, linear and non-linear dependencies are interpreted in the context of information arrival and how the market react to that information. The second research was done by C Mlambo and N Biekpe, 2007 with regard the weak form in the African Stock Market. Johannesburg Stock Exchange is found to be weak form efficient but using weekly data it is not weak form efficient. Studies that have used data on individual stocks used either monthly or weekly data rather than daily data due to non availability of computerised databases. Another argument for using data measured over longer time intervals in the problem of thin trading. Increasing the time interval is argued to reduce the potential biases associated with thin-trading by increasing the probability of having at least one trade in the interval. (Dickinson and Muragu, 1994). This paper studies the weak form efficiency of ten African stock markets using the serial correlation and runs tests African stock market emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s and the latest in 2003. African stock exchanges are also the smallest in the world in terms of both number of listed stocks and market capitalisation. The majority of stock markets in Africa trade daily from Monday to Friday. The portfolio inflows to Africa have been disappointing due to unfavourable scenario is that acquisition of shares by foreigners is limited on some African stock markets. The Market Regulator was established on the back of poor regulatory and legislative frameworks. African stock markets are also known to be illiquid and characterised by thin trading (Mlambo and Biekpe, 2005) in comparison to stock markets in other regions. The delay market is perceived by African governments to be an indication of integration into the global economy. It is considered to be a sign of international legitimacy and a measure of a countrys modernisation and commitment to private sector-led development (Moss, 2004). The d ata used in this study are daily closing stock prices and volume traded for individual stocks. The markets in this study exhibit serious thin-trading for the periods under investigation. Positive serial correlation is usually considered to be a predictability phenomenon of the short run, while negative serial correlation is mostly a long run predictability phenomenon. The positive serial correlation on African Stock markets might also be a result of institutions imitating spreading their trades over several days to lessen the impact of trades in large volumes on the market (Asal, 2000). The weak market form efficiency if the NSX can probably be explained by the markets positive correlation with the JSE due to the significant number of stocks that are dual-listed on both markets. The efficiency of the NSX can thus be said to be spill over from, or a reflection of, the weak-form efficiency of the JSE. The weak form efficiency of the NSX was attributed to its correlation with the JSE. Kenya and Zimbabwe were also concluded as generally weak form efficient, since a significant number of stocks conformed to the random walk. The stock prices on the Mauritius market tend to deviate from the random walk hypothesis. The same conclusion was made for Ghana. The run test used here only tests for the existence of a linear relationship which makes it inadequate as a testing method on African stock markets where the return generating processes are assumed to be nonlinear. The use of linear models would thus lead to wrong inferences being drawn. Thus further research is required to test the random walk hypothesis. The third research that I would like to discuss is the market hypothesis in the United States America. Kim et al., (2009), study return predictability of the daily and weekly Dow-Jones Industrial Average indices from 1900 to 2009. The degree of return predictability is estimated using two autocorrelation test (variance ratio and portmanteau) statistics, implementing moving sub-sample windows of different lengths. They found strong evidence that changing of market condition has lead to return predictability. In particular, during market crashes (1929 and 1987), it was observed that return in unpredictable and when it is predictable it is very much associate with high level of doubt. When there is economic crisis, the return from the stock is very predictable even with moderate degree of uncertainty. Whereas during economic bubbles, return predictability and its uncertainty have been smaller than normal times. Our results are in strong support of the adaptive markets hypothesis, which claim that changing market conditions drive the key market features such as the return predictability. They examine the degree of return predictability of the U.S. stock market using the century-long Dow-Jones industrial index. As measures of return predictability, they used their findings and complements with the recent study by Neely et al. (2009) who report the evidence in favour of the adaptive markets hypothesis for the foreign exchange market in the context of profitability of technical trading rules. The statistics from the automatic variance ratio and automatic portmanteau tests. To detect possible non-linear dependence in stock return, the generalized spectral test has been implemented. They obtain monthly time-varying measures of return predictability by applying these tests to moving sub-sample windows over monthly grids. A regression analysis is conducted to determine how these measures of return predictability are related to changing market conditions and economic fundamentals. They also find evidence for cyclical evolution of return predictability, in which changing market conditions are important factors for the degree of return predictability. It is found that, during market crashes, no return predictability is evident but its uncertainty has been exceptionally high. However, during economic and political crises, a high degree of return predictability is observed, but only with moderate degree of uncertainty. During bubble times, the return predictability and its uncertainty are found to be lower than normal times. Contrary to the general findings of past empirical and survey studies, we have found evidence the U.S. market has become more efficient after 1980. This is convincing given that the U.S. market has implemented a various measures of market innovations in the 1960s and 19070s, and that US macroeconomic fundamentals have become much more stable since 1980. In addition, there have been fewer occurrences of economic and political crises after 1980 than before. Our finding is a manifestation of the adaptive markets hypothesis, which argues that dynamic market conditions govern the degree of stock market efficiency. Finally this paper will discuss on efficient market hypothesis in Jordan capital market. This paper by M. Hadi (2006) noted that the objective of accounting numbers is to provide the financial data about the performance of certain enterprise in order to help the managers, investors, shareholders and government authorities in making their decisions. On the other hand, the purpose of accounting research is to estimate the value of accounting data to all investors and other users. Furthermore, the purpose of capital market research is to examine the association between accounting numbers and security return and to test whether or not accounting data carry any information content to security market, and if so it should be impounded in the security price, the results show the security market reacted with mixed signal on releasing profitability, liquidly, and solvency information. This paper identified EMH and provided some detail on the types of EMH, as well as identifying the empirical research that tested weak, semi-strong and strong forms of market efficiency. Accounting market based research more often assumes that market is efficient in semi-strong form, and the reason for this is that financial reports are considered public information once they are released to the market. In this paper empirical evidence has been provided from Jordanian market, and it shows the security market reacted with mixed signal on releasing profitability, liquidly, and solvency information. The selection of the relevant pricing model is very critical in market-based research. Brown and Warner (1980) investigate how different methods performed when some abnormal performance was present. They conclude that There is no evidence that more complicated methodology conveys any benefit. (Brown and Warner, 1980). Also, they argue that using more complicated models will make the researc her worse off. Furthermore, the use of the market model or even simple models such as mean adjusted return is better than more complicated models like control portfolio. 5.0 Conclusion The relationship between finance and other social sciences that has become known as behavioural finance has led to a strong and deepen of our knowledge of financial market. In judging the impact of behavioural finance to date, there is still no exact one method that can make an investors gain high profit. For instance in situation where efficient markets theory may lead to drastically incorrect interpretations of events such as major stock market bubbles. . Indeed, we have to divert our presumption that financial markets always work well and that price changes always reflect genuine information. Evidence from behavioral finance helps us to understand, for example, that the recent worldwide stock market boom, and then crash after 2000, had its origins in human foibles and arbitrary feedback relations and must have generated a real and substantial misallocation of resources. The challenge for economists is to make this reality a better part of their models. It is found that in Malaysia, there is co existence of weak form EMH and behavioural finance. Unlike in Africa, there are mix of two findings where conforms to the random walk theory and also deviate from the theory. Whereas in United States, it is claim that return predictability and market efficiency and investors behaviour are considered as highly context dependent and dynamic by changing market conditions. Whereas in Jordanian market shows the security market reacted with mixed signal on releasing profitability, liquidly, and solvency information. Further research is suggested in Malaysia to incorporate the issue of model adequacy where the characteristic was found in the returns series and can be used to construct a better economic model. Whereas in Africa it is suggested to test on the existence of linear relationship in the stock markets where the return generating processes are assumed to be linear. In Kuwait, a few research has been investigated in market efficiency in strong form, it is suggested that for future research test for insider information should be investigated.

The Unresolved Bridge Problem Essay -- Philosopher Karl Popper

Philosopher Karl Popper, an inductive skeptic, is criticized by his objection to confirmation. Rather than using the term confirmation to describe a theory that has continued to be proven correctly, Popper created his own term. Popper says that corroboration is a term used to describe theories that have been tested and not yet falsified. According to Peter Godfrey-Smith (G-S), â€Å"Popper can say why we should prefer to use a theory that has not been falsified over a theory that has been falsified† (Smith 68). The problem with Popper lies when he is presented with two theories, neither of which has been falsified. This is when Popper has difficulty choosing one theory over another. This situation can be better understood by looking at the bridge problem. I will argue that Popper is unable to solve the bridge problem using corroboration because the term is synonymous with confirmation. There are two theories (T1: Theory One) and (T2: Theory Two) that have different implications for how to build a bridge. These two theories are similar because they both have not been falsified however they differ because one has been tested and the other has not. The theories are stated explicitly below. T1: Theory that has been tested many times and has never been falsified T2: Theory that has never been tested and has never been falsified Next we can formally reconstruct the argument in modus ponens form as follows: (P1) If T1 is corroborated, then T1 is rational (P2) T1 is corroborated (C) T1 is rational Before I say what is wrong with the argument, I want to explain the bridge objection. In â€Å"Theory and Reality,† G-S presents the bridge problem, which is a response to Popper made by inductivist’s. I chose to explain this... ...t his term corroboration is synonymous to confirmation. In conclusion, I have argued that Popper is unable to solve the volleyball problem using corroboration because the term is synonymous with corroboration and Popper denies confirmation. Granted, there must be more to what Popper thinks of corroboration, we have no reason from the readings to see why the two terms corroboration and confirmation differ. Until Popper says more about corroboration we are entitled to treat the term as equivalent in meaning to confirmation Work Cited Blackmon, James. â€Å"Lecture #13: â€Å"Confirmation.† Philosophy 30. UC DAVIS. Davis, 5 Nov 2013. Blackmon, James. â€Å"Lecture #17: â€Å"Popper’s Bridge.† Philosophy 30. UC DAVIS. Davis, 26 Nov 2013. Godfrey-Smith, Peter. Theory and Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science. Chicago: University of Chicago, 2003. Print.

Weimar Republic – Political, Social and Economic Issues

Political, economic and social issues in the Weimar Republic to 1929 Year 12 Modern History 2013 * Mrs Lynch Jenni Hamilton Due Date; 26th of March 2013 Word Count; 1,665 The collapsement of the Weimar Republic was due to many social, political and economical issues within. From its birth it faced numerous political problems, for which the causes were many and varied. These problems included political instability, deep divisions within society and economic crisis; problems were constantly appearing for the new government.The Weimar Republic never really had a stable political party, having a whole six different parties between 1924-1928 does not create stability. Many of these parties were also narrowly sectioned, with messed up priorities such as to look after the interests of class area of religion that they represented within the Weimar Republic, loyalty to democracy was of least importance. In 1929 the misery that had aided the efforts of Weimar’s enemies in the early 20s had been relieved by five years of economic growth and rising incomes.Germany had been admitted to the League of Nations and is once more an accepted member of the international community. The bitterness at Germany's defeat in the Great War and the humiliation of the Treaty of Versailles had not been forgotten but most Germans appear to have come to terms with the new Republic and its leaders. Gustav Stresemann had decided to take on the job of leading a battle for a policy he felt was in his nation’s vital interest even though he was tired and ill and knew that the opposition would be stubborn. Stresemann was the major force in negotiating and guiding the Young Plan through a ‘plebiscite’.This plan although opposed by those on the right-wing won majority approval and further reduced Germany’s reparations payments. The Weimar Republic was a bold experiment. It was Germany's first democracy, a state in which elected representatives had real power. The new W eimar constitution attempted to blend the European parliamentary system with the American presidential system. In the pre- World War I period, only men twenty-five years of age and older had the right to vote, and their elected representatives had very little power. The Weimar constitution gave all men and women twenty years of age the right to vote.Women made up more than 52% of the potential electorate, and their support was vital to the new Republic. From a ballot, which often had thirty or more parties on it, Germans chose legislators who would make the policies that shaped their lives. Parties spanning a broad political spectrum from Communists on the far left to National Socialists (Nazis) on the far right competed in the Weimar elections. The Chancellor and the Cabinet needed to be approved by the Reichstag (legislature) and needed the Reichstag's continued support to stay in power.Although the constitution makers expected the Chancellor to be the head of government, they inc luded emergency provisions that would ultimately undermine the Republic. Gustav Stresemann was briefly Chancellor in 1923 and for six years foreign minister and close advisor to Chancellors. The constitution gave emergency powers to the directly elected President and made him the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. In times of crisis, these presidential powers would prove decisive.During the stable periods, Weimar Chancellors formed legislative majorities based on coalitions primarily of the Social Democrats, the Democratic Party, and the Catholic Center Party, all moderate parties that supported the Republic. As the economic situation deteriorated in 1930, and many disillusioned voters turned to extremist parties, the Republic's supporters could no longer command a majority. German democracy could no longer function as its creators had hoped. Ironically by 1932, Adolf Hitler, a dedicated enemy of the Weimar Republic, was the only political leader capable of commanding a legisla tive majority.On January 30, 1933, an aged President von Hindenburg reluctantly named Hitler Chancellor of the Republic. Using his legislative majority and the support of Hindenburg's emergency presidential powers, Hitler proceeded to destroy the Weimar Republic. Germany emerged from World War I with huge debts incurred to finance a costly war for almost five years. The treasury was empty, the currency was losing value, and Germany needed to pay its war debts and the huge reparations bill imposed on it by the Treaty of Versailles, which officially ended the war.The treaty also deprived Germany of territory, natural resources, and even ships, trains, and factory equipment. Germany’s population was undernourished and contained many widows, orphans, and disabled veterans living in poverty. The new German government struggled to deal with these crises, which had produced a serious hyperinflation. By 1924, after years of crisis management and attempts at tax and finance reform, th e economy was stabilised with the help of foreign, particularly American, loans. This relative â€Å"golden age† was reflected in the strong support for moderate pro-Weimar political parties in the 1928 elections.However, economic disaster struck with the onset of the world depression in 1929. The American stock market crash and bank failures led to a recall of American loans to Germany. This development added to Germany's economic hardship. Mass unemployment and suffering followed. Many Germans became increasingly disillusioned with the Weimar Republic and began to turn toward radical anti-democratic parties whose representatives promised to relieve their economic hardships. The government no longer had sufficient resources to support the German economy, but continued to print paper money.This caused rapid inflation, which Germany used as an excuse for not being able to pay its second instalment towards the reparations. The French government, however, decided to force German y to pay. It did this by sending French and Belgian troops to the industrial heartland of Germany, the Ruhr to collect reparations still owing to them, but the German Chancellor called for â€Å"passive resistance† by the workers of the Ruhr; a refusal to co-operate with the troops. This, however, led to the collapse of the German economy, as the government was forced to print more paper money in order to pay the striking workers in the Ruhr.This caused hyperinflation as Germany was not producing anything; its industrial heartland had been destroyed and yet the number of notes in its economy was increasing. The German currency soon became worthless and prices were constantly rising (For example, an American dollar in July 1914 was worth about 4 marks, whilst in November 1923, its equivalent in marks was 4,000,000,000,000 marks). This struggle is then proved by Gustav Stresemann in the following source; â€Å"We in Germany in recent years have lived on borrowed money, if a cr isis ever hits us and the American withdraw their short-term credits then we would be bankrupt †¦ e are not only militarily disarmed, we are also financially disarmed† The social effects of this hyperinflation were disastrous, particularly for the German middle classes who had lost all their savings and pensions as a result. Then, in September 1923, Gustav Stresemann called for the end of passive resistance in order to begin the restoration of the German economy. This led to great political humiliation however, as it showed that Germany had been forced to do what the French wanted.This led to the Munich Putsch, which was an attempt by the Nazi Party leader, Adolf Hitler to overthrow the government; Hitler was determined to show the German people that not all Germans were going to accept what the French had forced the German government to do. Bavarian police broke up the revolt however and Hitler was arrested. In Saxony, there was another revolt against the republic, but t his was a communist revolt and a communist government was set up, but Stresemann ordered this government to resign or else it would face military action.Therefore, the Ruhr Crisis led to economic collapse, political humiliation, dissatisfaction within society, further opposition to the Weimar Republic and finally, it’s devastating effects caused people to start looking towards extreme solutions. The Weimar Republic, in spite of all its problems, did survive the crisis that had befallen it between 1919 and 1923; even though it had inspired violent political opposition from right and left wing groups, it had faced a devastating economic situation creating a high level of discontent within society, and had brought about serious political humiliation upon itself, it had still managed to survive.All these problems contributed to the political difficulties which Weimar faced during its first few years; a general hatred amongst Germans of the new system and constant opposition towar ds it. The political issue of the Treaty of Versailles was probably the most important individual cause of Weimar's crisis however. It had been the Treaty of Versailles that caused nationalist opposition to Weimar and theGerman nation to step down to a second class power, losing much of its territory, having extreme military restrictions imposed on it, and it had been the treaty of Versailles that had brought about reparations, leading Germany into an extremely difficult economic situation causing further social tensions, and it had been this treaty that had inspired communist opposition by bringing about the need to get Germany back to work, causing the majority socialists (SPD) to cooperate with the old order.It can be argued that this treaty was responsible for most of the hatred of the German people towards Weimar between 1919 and 1923, but on the other hand, Germany would not have been able to negotiate peace had they not signed the treaty. Germany managed to survive this crisi s of economic collapse, political humiliation and dissatisfaction within society. Bibliography; Secondary Sources – * Republic to Reich, A history of Germany 1918-1939 Third Edition: K J Mason; Published 2007 * http://www. ohndclare. net/weimar5_affleck. htm Primary Source – * Republic to Reich, A history of Germany 1918-1939 Third Edition: K J Mason; Published 2007 Gustav Stresemann – page 43 â€Å"We in Germany in recent years have lived on borrowed money, if a crisis ever hits us and the American withdraw their short-term credits then we would be bankrupt †¦ we are not only militarily disarmed, we are also financially disarmed†

Living In America During the Mid-to-Late 1800’s Essay

America was not a great place to be in the late 1800’s, especially if you were a Native American, immigrant, or African-American. The Native Americans’ homelands were brutally taken over, and they were forced to live on reservations. The immigrants had to deal with the terrible living conditions in the cities and the persecution against them because of their appearance. The African-Americans, despite being declared all the rights of a citizen, were segregated, and voting in the South was made nearly impossible. During this time, living in America would have been a negative experience. One of the things that made life in America hard for the Native Americans was the Dawes Act of 1887. The Dawes Act stated that the Native Americans would be given 160 acres of land per household, and that they had to farm it. The Act was a failure. The Native American people were not farmers, and couldn’t farm the land well. They also weren’t given the proper farming equipment. They were also not given the proper medical attention, and the teachers provided to them were poorly trained. The Dawes Act was a negative thing in Native American life. Many immigrants expected to find the streets paved with gold in America, but found that city conditions were terrible. Diseases the cholera, malaria, tuberculosis, and typhoid were common. Tenements, which were cheap places to live, were extremely overcrowded and unsanitary. Crime flourished in the cities. The horrible living conditions in the cities made living in America a negative experience for immigrants. Life was especially difficult for Asian immigrants. Americans made fun of the Chinese hair and dress, and gave them the name ‘coolies’. Japanese immigrants were dubbed â€Å"The Yellow Peril†. Because the Chinese were good workers who were willing to work for less, American workers complained and the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed to prevent Chinese immigration. The Alien Land Law was passed to prevent noncitizen Asians from owning land. Between the persecution from the American people and the American government, life in America for Asians was a very negative experience. Despite the rights they had just been given after the Civil War, African-Americans in this time found new unfair laws being passed. The Jim Crow laws required separation of African-Americans in schools, parks, hospitals, public buildings, water fountains, and other places. In the case of Plessy vs. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that separate facilities for whites and African-Americans were allowed, as long as they were equal, but the facilities for African-Americans were always inferior to those of the whites. Being an African-American in America at this time was a negative experience. New laws designed to prevent African-Americans from voting were also passed in the late 1800’s. Despite being given the right to vote, many southern states required that African-Americans must own land and pay a poll tax in order to vote, which was very difficult for African-Americans to achieve during this time. Many southern states also required voters to take a literacy test, but the test given to African-Americans was a lot harder than the one given to whites. Just to make sure that no whites were being prevented from voting by these laws, a law was passed that anyone who could vote before the new laws were passed were exempt from them. These unfair laws ensured that African-Americans didn’t have a voice in government, which made life during this time a negative experience for them. Whether it was living conditions, unfair laws passed by the U.S. government, or racism by other American citizens, life during this time was made very difficult for African-Americans, Native Americans, and immigrants. The African-Americans and Native Americans were abused by the American government, while immigrants were being made fun of and taken advantage of by the American people. Life in this time for these people was a very negative experience.